Brain tumors: Special characters for research and banking

Authors

1 Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology and Pediatrics Inherited Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

A brain tumor is an intracranial neoplasm within the brain or in the central spinal canal. Primary malignant brain tumors affect about 200,000 people worldwide every year. Brain cells have special characters. Due to the specific properties of brain tumors, including epidemiology, growth, and division, investigation of brain tumors and the interpretation of results is not simple. Research to identify the genetic alterations of human tumors improves our knowledge of tumor biology, genetic interactions, progression, and preclinical therapeutic assessment. Obtaining data for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy requires sufficient samples, and brain tumors have a wide range. As a result, establishing the bank of brain tumors is very important and essential.

Keywords

1.
1. Barrow Neurological Institute: About Brain Tumors. Available from: http://www.thebarrow.org. [Last accessed on 2013 May 30].  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
2. McCarthy BJ, Surawicz T, Bruner JM, Kruchko C, Davis F. Consensus conference on brain tumor definition for registration. November 10, 2000. Neuro Oncol 2002;4:134-45.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
3. Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: Current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol 2002;4:278-99.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
4. DeAngelis LM. Brain tumors. N Engl J Med 2001;344:114-23.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
5. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114:97-109.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
6. Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. The new WHO classification of brain tumours. Brain Pathol 1993;3:255-68.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
7. Zulch KJ. Histological typing of tumours of the central nervous system. International histological classification of tumours. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1979.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
8. In 2007 the International Brain Tumour Alliance (IBTA) commissioned research from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) which projected that in 2010 the worldwide incidence of malignant primary brain tumours may climb to 220,568. p. 38. The First Walk Around the World for Brain Tumours, 2008, International Brain Tumour Alliance, ISBN 9780646494814.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
9. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schüz J. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: Update of Danish cohort study. BMJ 2011;343:d6387.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
10. Huson SM, Harper PS, Hourihan MD, Cole G, Weeks RD, Compston DA. Cerebellar haemangioblastoma and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Brain 1986;109:1297-310.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
11. Inskip PD, Linet MS, Heineman EF. Etiology of brain tumors in adults. Epidemiol Rev 1995;17:382-414.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
12. Gu J, Liu Y, Kyritsis AP, Bondy ML. Molecular epidemiology of primary brain tumors. Neurotherapeutics 2009;6:427-35.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
13. Lovely MP. Symptom management of brain tumor patients. Semin Oncol Nurs 2004;20:273-83.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
14. Lovely MP, Miaskowski C, Dodd M. Relationship between fatigue and quality of life in patients with glioblastoma multiformae. Oncol Nurs Forum 1999;26:921-5.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
15. Hiraga S, Ohnishi T, Izumoto S, Miyahara E, Kanemura Y, Matsumura H, et al. Telomerase activity and alterations in telomere length in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 1998;58:2117-25.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
16. Papadopoulos MC, Saadoun S, Binder DK, Manley GT, Krishna S, Verkman AS. Molecular mechanisms of brain tumor edema. Neuroscience 2004;129:1011-20.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
17. Bello MJ, Rey JA. The p53/Mdm2/p14ARF cell cycle control pathway genes may be inactivated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in gliomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2006;164:172-3.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
18. Cadieux B, Ching TT, VandenBerg SR, Costello JF. Genome-wide hypomethylation in human glioblastomas associated with specific copy number alteration, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase allele status, and increased proliferation. Cancer Res 2006;66:8469-76.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
19. Currais A, Hortobágyi T, Soriano S. The neuronal cell cycle as a mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2009;1:363-71.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
20. Neglia JP, Robison LL, Stovall M, Liu Y, Packer RJ, Hammond S, et al. New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:1528-37.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
21. Ricard D, Idbaih A, Ducray F, Lahutte M, Hoang-Xuan K, Delattre JY. Primary brain tumours in adults. Lancet 2012;379:1984-96.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
22. Goodenberger ML, Jenkins RB. Genetics of adult glioma. Cancer Genet 2012;205:613-21.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
23. Choy W, Kim W, Nagasawa D, Stramotas S, Yew A, Gopen Q, et al. The molecular genetics and tumor pathogenesis of meningiomas and the future directions of meningioma treatments. Neurosurg Focus 2011;30:E6.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
24. Goldsmith BJ, Wara WM, Wilson CB, Larson DA. Postoperative irradiation for subtotally resected meningiomas: A retrospective analysis of 140 patients treated from 1967 to 1990. J Neurosurg 1994;80:195-201.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
25. Longstreth WT Jr, Dennis LK, McGuire VM, Drangsholt MT, Koepsell TD. Epidemiology of intracranial meningioma. Cancer 1993;72:639-48.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
26. Simpson D. The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1957;20:22-39.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
27. Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Kruchko C. Meningiomas: Causes and risk factors. Neurosurg Focus 2007;23:E2.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
28. Pelicano H, Xu RH, Du M, Feng L, Sasaki R, Carew JS, et al. Mitochondrial respiration defects in cancer cells cause activation of Akt survival pathway through a redox-mediated mechanism. J Cell Biol 2006;175:913-23.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
29. Staal FJ, van der Luijt RB, Baert MR, van Drunen J, van Bakel H, Peters E, et al. A novel germline mutation of PTEN associated with brain tumours of multiple lineages. Br J Cancer 2002;86:1586-91.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
30. Lekanne Deprez RH, Riegman PH, Groen NA, Warringa UL, van Biezen NA, Molijn AC, et al. Cloning and characterization of MN1, a gene from chromosome 22q11, which is disrupted by a balanced translocation in a meningioma. Oncogene 1995;10:1521-8.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
31. Ozaki S, Nishizaki T, Ito H, Sasaki K. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of genetic alterations associated with malignant progression of meningioma. J Neurooncol 1999;41:167-74.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
32. Riemenschneider MJ, Perry A, Reifenberger G. Histological classification and molecular genetics of meningiomas. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:1045-54.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
33. Weber RG, Boström J, Wolter M, Baudis M, Collins V, Reifenberger G, et al. Analysis of genomic alterations in benign, atypical, and anaplastic meningiomas: Toward a genetic model of meningioma progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:14719-24.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
34. Lamszus K, Lengler U, Schmidt NO, Stavrou D, Ergün S, Westphal M. Vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and placenta growth factor in human meningiomas and their relation to angiogenesis and malignancy. Neurosurgery 2000;46:938-48.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
35. Liu Y, Pang JC, Dong S, Mao B, Poon WS, Ng HK. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation profile is associated with atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. Hum Pathol 2005;36:416-25.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
36. Mawrin C, Perry A. Pathological classification and molecular genetics of meningiomas. J Neurooncol 2010;99:379-91.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
37. Lamszus K. Meningioma pathology, genetics, and biology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004;63:275-86.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
38. Zhang X, Gejman R, Mahta A, Zhong Y, Rice KA, Zhou Y, et al. Maternally expressed gene 3, an imprinted noncoding RNA gene, is associated with meningioma pathogenesis and progression. Cancer Res 2010;70:2350-8.  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
39. Perry A, Banerjee R, Lohse CM, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Scheithauer BW. A role for chromosome 9p21 deletions in the malignant progression of meningiomas and the prognosis of anaplastic meningiomas. Brain Pathol 2002;12:183-90.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
40. Kamnasaran D, Qian B, Hawkins C, Stanford WL, Guha A. GATA6 is an astrocytoma tumor suppressor gene identified by gene trapping of mouse glioma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:8053-8.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
41. Bigner SH, Mark J, Bigner DD. Cytogenetics of human brain tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1990;47:141-54.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
42. Markert JM, Fuller CM, Gillespie GY, Bubien JK, McLean LA, Hong RL, et al. Differential gene expression profiling in human brain tumors. Physiol Genomics 2001;5:21-33.  Back to cited text no. 42
    
43.
43. Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, Ma C, Lossos IS, Rosenwald A, et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 2000;403:503-11.  Back to cited text no. 43
    
44.
44. Lal A, Lash AE, Altschul SF, Velculescu V, Zhang L, McLendon RE, et al. A public database for gene expression in human cancers. Cancer Res 1999;59:5403-7.  Back to cited text no. 44
    
45.
45. Scherf U, Ross DT, Waltham M, Smith LH, Lee JK, Tanabe L, et al. A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer. Nat Genet 2000;24:236-44.  Back to cited text no. 45
    
46.
46. Michiels EM, Oussoren E, Van Groenigen M, Pauws E, Bossuyt PM, Voûte PA, et al. Genes differentially expressed in medulloblastoma and fetal brain. Physiol Genomics 1999;1:83-91.  Back to cited text no. 46
    
47.
47. Nagarajan RP, Costello JF. Molecular epigenetics and genetics in neuro-oncology. Neurotherapeutics 2009;6:436-46.  Back to cited text no. 47
    
48.
48. Costello JF, Berger MS, Huang HS, Cavenee WK. Silencing of p16/CDKN2 expression in human gliomas by methylation and chromatin condensation. Cancer Res 1996;56:2405-10.  Back to cited text no. 48
    
49.
49. De Smet C, De Backer O, Faraoni I, Lurquin C, Brasseur F, Boon T. The activation of human gene MAGE-1 in tumor cells is correlated with genome-wide demethylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:7149-53.  Back to cited text no. 49
    
50.
50. Herholz K, Langen KJ, Schiepers C, Mountz JM. Brain tumors. Semin Nucl Med 2012;42:356-70.  Back to cited text no. 50
    
51.
51. Kheirollahi M, Mehr-Azin M, Kamalian N, Mehdipour P. Expression of cyclin D2, P53, Rb and ATM cell cycle genes in brain tumors. Med Oncol 2011;28:7-14.  Back to cited text no. 51
    
52.
52. Mehdipour P, Kheirollahi M, Mehrazin M, Kamalian N, Atri M. Evolutionary hypothesis of telomere length in primary breast cancer and brain tumour patients: A tracer for genomic-tumour heterogeneity and instability. Cell Biol Int 2011;35:915-25.  Back to cited text no. 52
    
53.
53. Langford LA, Piatyszek MA, Xu R, Schold SC Jr, Shay JW. Telomerase activity in human brain tumours. Lancet 1995;346:1267-8.  Back to cited text no. 53
    
54.
54. Kheirollahi M, Mehrazin M, Kamalian N, Mohammadi-asl J, Mehdipour P. Telomerase activity in human brain tumors: Astrocytoma and meningioma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013;33:569-74.  Back to cited text no. 54
    
55.
55. Falchetti ML, Pallini R, Larocca LM, Verna R, D'Ambrosio E. Telomerase expression in intracranial tumours: Prognostic potential for malignant gliomas and meningiomas. J Clin Pathol 1999;52:234-6.  Back to cited text no. 55
    
56.
56. Hiyama E, Hiyama K. Telomere and telomerase in stem cells. Br J Cancer 2007;96:1020-4.  Back to cited text no. 56
    
57.
57. Kheirollahi M, Mehrazin M, Kamalian N, Mehdipour P. Alterations of telomere length in human brain tumors. Med Oncol 2011;28:864-70.  Back to cited text no. 57
    
58.
58. Lawler SE, Peruzzi PP, Chiocca EA. Genetic strategies for brain tumor therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2006;13:225-33.  Back to cited text no. 58
    
59.
59. Söling A, Rainov NG. Bioluminescence imaging in vivo-application to cancer research. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003;3:1163-72.  Back to cited text no. 59
    
60.
60. Chiocca EA, Broaddus WC, Gillies GT, Visted T, Lamfers ML. Neurosurgical delivery of chemotherapeutics, targeted toxins, genetic and viral therapies in neuro-oncology. J Neurooncol 2004;69:101-17.  Back to cited text no. 60
    
61.
61. Tai CK, Wang WJ, Chen TC, Kasahara N. Single-shot, multicycle suicide gene therapy by replication-competent retrovirus vectors achieves long-term survival benefit in experimental glioma. Mol Ther 2005;12:842-51.  Back to cited text no. 61
    
62.
62. Qualman SJ, France M, Grizzle WE, LiVolsi VA, Moskaluk CA, Ramirez NC, et al. Establishing a tumour bank: Banking, informatics and ethics. Br J Cancer 2004;90:1115-9.  Back to cited text no. 62
    
63.
63. Morente MM, Alonso S. Current challenges of human tumour banking. Hematol Oncol 2005;23:54-6.  Back to cited text no. 63
    
64.
64. Kheirollahi M, Khalaj Z, Nazem-Roaia F, Dashti S, Khorvash F, Kazemi M. Establishing a tumor bank and challenges.  Back to cited text no. 64