The effect of extremely low-frequency magnetic field (50–60 Hz) exposure on spontaneous apoptosis: The results of a meta-analysis

Mansourian, Mahsa; Marateb, Hamid Reza; Vaseghi, Golnaz

The effect of extremely low-frequency magnetic field (50–60 Hz) exposure on spontaneous apoptosis: The results of a meta-analysis

Authors

¹ Department of Medical Physics, School of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

³ Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: This paper is a meta-analysis of the published data from in vitro studies to evaluate whether spontaneous apoptosis might be influenced by extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs).
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive scientific literature search in electronic databases was conducted and studies covering the period 2000–2010 were selected. Then, published studies involving the desired topic were retrieved. The inclusion criteria were percentage of apoptosis in the cells exposed to 50–60 Hz ELF-MFs. The statistical analysis was performed by comprehensive meta-analysis version 2.
Results: The summary measure of association (95% confidence interval) for all 18 effect estimated from 8 studies was 1.18 (1.15, 1.20). Heterogeneity among studies was found. There was no evidence of publication bias for the association between exposure to MF and apoptosis risk.
Conclusion: Our meta-analysis provided conclusive data that ELF-MFs can increase apoptosis in cancer and normal cells. Furthermore, there is a possibly individual intensity and time range with maximum created effect according to window effect.

Keywords

References

1.	Eichholz GG. Non-ionizing radiation, part 1: Static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Health Phys 2002;83:920.
2.	Morimoto RI. Heat shock: The role of transient inducible responses in cell damage, transformation, and differentiation. Cancer Cells 1991;3:295-301.
3.	Mizuno K, Narita E, Yamada M, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. ELF magnetic fields do not affect cell survival and DNA damage induced by ultraviolet B. Bioelectromagnetics 2014;35:108-15.
4.	Brisdelli F, Bennato F, Bozzi A, Cinque B, Mancini F, Iorio R. ELF-MF attenuates quercetin-induced apoptosis in K562 cells through modulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Mol Cell Biochem 2014;397:33-43.
5.	Ivancsits S, Diem E, Pilger A, Rüdiger HW, Jahn O. Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts. Mutat Res 2002;519:1-13.
6.	Narita K, Hanakawa K, Kasahara T, Hisamitsu T, Asano K. Induction of apoptotic cell death in human leukemic cell line, HL-60, by extremely low frequency electric magnetic fields: Analysis of the possible mechanisms in vitro.In Vivo 1997;11:329-35.
7.	Goodman R, Blank M. Insights into electromagnetic interaction mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2002;192:16-22.
8.	Santini MT, Ferrante A, Rainaldi G, Indovina P, Indovina PL. Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and apoptosis: A review. Int J Radiat Biol 2005;81:1-11.
9.	Greenland S, Sheppard AR, Kaune WT, Poole C, Kelsh MA. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Childhood Leukemia-EMF Study Group. Epidemiology 2000;11:624-34.
10.	Ahlbom IC, Cardis E, Green A, Linet M, Savitz D, Swerdlow A; ICNIRP (International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) Standing Committee on Epidemiology. Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and Health. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:911-33.
11.	Washburn EP, Orza MJ, Berlin JA, Nicholson WJ, Todd AC, Frumkin H, et al. Residential proximity to electricity transmission and distribution equipment and risk of childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, and childhood nervous system tumors: Systematic review, evaluation, and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 1994;5:299-309.
12.	Fadeel B, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Apoptosis in human disease: A new skin for the old ceremony? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;266:699-717.
13.	Elmore S. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:495-516.
14.	De Nicola M, Cordisco S, Cerella C, Albertini MC, D'Alessio M, Accorsi A, et al. Magnetic fields protect from apoptosis via redox alteration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1090:59-68.
15.	Miyakoshi J, Yamagishi N, Ohtsu S, Mohri K, Takebe H. Increase in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene mutations by exposure to high-density 50-Hz magnetic fields. Mutat Res 1996;349:109-14.
16.	Nie Y, Du L, Mou Y, Xu Z, Weng L, Du Y, et al. Effect of low frequency magnetic fields on melanoma: Tumor inhibition and immune modulation. BMC Cancer 2013;13:582.
17.	Garip AI, Akan Z. Effect of ELF-EMF on number of apoptotic cells; correlation with reactive oxygen species and HSP. Acta Biol Hung 2010;61:158-67.
18.	Basile A, Zeppa R, Pasquino N, Arra C, Ammirante M, Festa M, et al. Exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic field raises the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein BAG3 in melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2011;226:2901-7.
19.	King KL, Cidlowski JA. Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Annu Rev Physiol 1998;60:601-17.
20.	Nordenson I, Mild KH, Andersson G, Sandström M. Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1994;15:293-301.
21.	Grassi C, D'Ascenzo M, Torsello A, Martinotti G, Wolf F, Cittadini A, et al. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on voltage-gated Ca2 + channels and their role in modulation of neuroendocrine cell proliferation and death. Cell Calcium 2004;35:307-15.
22.	Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. Genetic damage in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electro-magnetic fields: A meta-analysis of data from 87 publications (1990-2007). Int J Radiat Biol 2009;85:196-213.
23.	Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60.
24.	Lee SK, Park S, Gimm YM, Kim YW. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields induce spermatogenic germ cell apoptosis: Possible mechanism. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:567183.
25.	Kurian MV, Hamilton L, Keeven J, Mehl P, Mullins JM. Enhanced cell survival and diminished apoptotic response to simulated ischemia-reperfusion in H9c2 cells by magnetic field preconditioning. Apoptosis 2012;17:1182-96.
26.	Stratton D, Lange S, Inal JM. Pulsed extremely low-frequency magnetic fields stimulate microvesicle release from human monocytic leukaemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013;430:470-5.
27.	Nikolova T, Czyz J, Rolletschek A, Blyszczuk P, Fuchs J, Jovtchev G, et al. Electromagnetic fields affect transcript levels of apoptosis-related genes in embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. FASEB J 2005;19:1686-8.
28.	Kim HS, Park BJ, Jang HJ, Ipper NS, Kim SH, Kim YJ, et al. Continuous exposure to 60?Hz magnetic fields induces duration- and dose-dependent apoptosis of testicular germ cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2014;35:100-7.
29.	Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Uzunlar AK, Ulukaya E, Oral AY, Çelik N, et al. Can safe and long-term exposure to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields affect apoptosis, reproduction, and oxidative stress? Int J Radiat Biol 2013;89:1053-60.
30.	Yang ML, Ye ZM. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field induces apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells via oxidative stress. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2015;44:323-8.
31.	Juutilainen J. Do electromagnetic fields enhance the effects of environmental carcinogens? Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2008;132:228-31.
32.	Tofani S, Barone D, Cintorino M, de Santi MM, Ferrara A, Orlassino R, et al. Static and ELF magnetic fields induce tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis. Bioelectromagnetics 2001;22:419-28.
33.	Juutilainen J, Lang S, Rytömaa T. Possible cocarcinogenic effects of ELF electromagnetic fields may require repeated long-term interaction with known carcinogenic factors. Bioelectromagnetics 2000;21:122-8.
34.	Radeva M, Berg H. Differences in lethality between cancer cells and human lymphocytes caused by LF-electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2004;25:503-7.

Advanced Biomedical Research