Evaluation of structural and mechanical properties of electrospun nano-micro hybrid of poly hydroxybutyrate-chitosan/silk scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advance Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

3 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: One of the new methods of scaffold fabrication is a nano-micro hybrid structure in which the properties of the scaffold are improved by introducing nanometer and micrometer structures. This method could be suitable for scaffold designing if some features improve.
Materials and Methods: In this study, electrospun nanofibers of 9% weight solution of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) and a 15% weight of chitosan by trifluoroacetic acid were coated on both the surface of a silk knitted substrate in the optimum condition to improve the mechanical properties of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering application. These hybrid nano-micro fibrous scaffolds were characterized by structural and mechanical evaluation methods.
Results: Scanning electron microscopy values and porosity analysis showed that average diameter of nanofibers was 584.94 nm in electrospinning part and general porosity was more than 80%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated the presence of all elements without pollution. The tensile test also stated that by electrospinning, as well as adding chitosan, both maximum strength and maximum elongation increased to 187 N and 10 mm. It means that the microfibrous part of scaffold could affect mechanical properties of nano part of the hybrid scaffold, significantly.
Conclusions: It could be concluded that P3HB-chitosan/silk hybrid scaffolds can be a good candidate for cartilage tissue engineering.

Keywords

1.
McDevitt CA. Biochemistry of articular cartilage. Nature of proteoglycans and collagen of articular cartilage and their role in ageing and in osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1973;32:364-78.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Vinatier C, Bouffi C, Merceron C, Gordeladze J, Brondello JM, Jorgensen C, et al. Cartilage tissue engineering: Towards a biomaterial-assisted mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2009;4:318-29.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Pelttari K, Wixmerten A, Martin I. Do we really need cartilage tissue engineering? Swiss Med Wkly 2009;139:602-9.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Cheung HY, Lau KT, Lu TP, Hui D. A critical review on polymer-based bio-engineered materials for scaffold development. Compos Part B Eng 2007;38:291-300.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Misra SK, Valappil SP, Roy I, Boccaccini AR. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/inorganic phase composites for tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules 2006;7:2249-58.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Luklinska ZB, Schluckwerder H.In vivo response to HA-polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhydroxyvalerate composite. J Microsc 2003;211(Pt 2):121-9.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Doyle C, Tanner ET, Bonfield W.In vitro and in vivo evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate and of polyhydroxybutyrate reinforced with hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 1991;12:841-7.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Croisier F, Jérôme C. Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2013;49:780-92.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Sadeghi D, Karbasi S, Bonakdar S, Razavi S. Evaluation of the structural properties and cellular behavior of electrospun poly (hydroxybutyrate)/chitosan blend scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. J Isfahan Med Sch 2015;33:1441-58.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Pham QP, Sharma U, Mikos AG. Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for tissue engineering applications: A review. Tissue Eng 2006;12:1197-211.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Kim SJ, Jang DH, Park WH, Min BM. Fabrication and characterization of 3-dimensional PLGA nanofiber/microfiber composite scaffolds. Polymer 2010;51:1320-7.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Anbumani N. Knitting Fundamentals, Machines, Structures and Developments, India. New Age International; 2007.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Almqvist KF, Wang L, Wang J, Baeten D, Cornelissen M, Verdonk R, et al. Culture of chondrocytes in alginate surrounded by fibrin gel: Characteristics of the cells over a period of eight weeks. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:781-90.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Zhou FL, Gong RH, Porat I. Nanocoating on filaments by electrospinning. Surf Coat Technol 2009;204:621-8.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Sahoo S, Ouyang H, Goh JC, Tay TE, Toh SL. Characterization of a novel polymeric scaffold for potential application in tendon/ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 2006;12:91-9.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Sahoo S, Cho-Hong JG, Siew-Lok T. Development of hybrid polymer scaffolds for potential applications in ligament and tendon tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2007;2:169-73.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Naghashzargar E, Semnani D, Karbasi S, Nekoee H. Application of intelligent neural network method for prediction of mechanical behavior of wire-rope scaffold in tissue engineering. J Text Inst 2014;105:264-74.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Naghashzargar E, Farè S, Catto V, Bertoldi S, Semnani D, Karbasi S, et al. Nano/micro hybrid scaffold of PCL or P3HB nanofibers combined with silk fibroin for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015;13:e156-68.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Širc J, Hobzová R, Kostina N, Munzarová M, Juklícková M, Lhotka M, et al. Morphological characterization of nanofibers: Methods and application in practice. J Nanomate 2012;2012:121.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Semnani D, Morshed M. A novel method for porosity measurement of various surface layers of nanofibers mat using image analysis for tissue engineering applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2007;106:2536-42.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Lu Q, Hu X, Wang X, Kluge JA, Lu S, Cebe P, et al. Water-insoluble silk films with silk I structure. Acta Biomater 2010;6:1380-7.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Um IC, Kweon HY, Park YH, Hudson S. Structural characteristics and properties of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared from formic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2001;29:91-7.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Padermshoke A, Katsumoto Y, Sato H, Ekgasit S, Noda I, Ozaki Y. Melting behavior of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) investigated by two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005;61:541-50.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Tehrani AH, Zadhoush A, Karbasi S, Khorasani SN. Experimental investigation of the governing parameters in the electrospinning of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds: Structural characteristics of the pores. J Appl Polym Sci 2010;118:2682-9.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Masaeli E, Morshed M, Rasekhian P, Karbasi S, Karbalaie K, Karamali F, et al. Does the tissue engineering architecture of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffold affects cell-material interactions? J Biomed Mater Res Part A 2012;100:1907-18.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Masaeli E, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Sadri S, Hilderink J, van Apeldoorn A, et al. Fabrication, characterization and cellular compatibility of poly (hydroxy alkanoate) composite nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. PLoS One 2013;8:e57157.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Correia DM, Ribeiro C, Ferreira JC, Botelho G, Ribelles JL, Lanceros-Méndez S, Sencadas V. Influence of electrospinning parameters on poly (hydroxybutyrate) electrospun membranes fiber size and distribution. Polymer Engineering and Science. 2014;54 (7):1608-17.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Garrigues NW, Little D, Sanchez-Adams J, Ruch DS, Guilak F. Electrospun cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014;102:3998-4008.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Ricotti L, Polini A, Genchi GG, Ciofani G, Iandolo D, Vazão H, et al. Proliferation and skeletal myotube formation capability of C2C12 and H9c2 cells on isotropic and anisotropic electrospun nanofibrous PHB scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2012;7:035010.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Kempson GE, Freeman MA, Swanson SA. Tensile properties of articular cartilage, nature 1968:220:1127-1128.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Li WJ, Laurencin CT, Caterson EJ, Tuan RS, Ko FK. Electrospun nanofibrous structure: A novel scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;60:613-21.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Dai W, Kawazoe N, Lin X, Dong J, Chen G. The influence of structural design of PLGA/collagen hybrid scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010;31:2141-52.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Kweon H, Ha HC, Um IC, Park YH. Physical properties of silk fibroin/chitosan blend films. J Appl Polym Sci 2001;80:928-34.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Steele JA, McCullen SD, Callanan A, Autefage H, Accardi MA, Dini D, et al. Combinatorial scaffold morphologies for zonal articular cartilage engineering. Acta Biomater 2014;10:2065-75.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Ramier J, Bouderlique T, Stoilova O, Manolova N, Rashkov I, Langlois V, et al. Biocomposite scaffolds based on electrospun poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) nanofibers and electrosprayed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2014;38:161-9.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Karbasi S, Zarei M, Foroughi MR. Effects of multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (MWNTs) on structural and mechanical properties of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Sci Iran 2016 (accepted-in press). [In press].  Back to cited text no. 36