The Correlation between Different Risk Factors of Hepatitis C and Different Genotypes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Pathology, Isfahan Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

3 Department of Infectious Disease, Isfahan Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis C infection is one of the health problems in the world. Several known risk factors are responsible in transmission of this infection. We are going to study the prevalence of these risk factors for different genotypes of hepatitis C and if possible, specify probable relations between each risk factor and transmission of each genotype. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done on 270 people who had positive anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody and HCV RNA. Demographic specificity and possible risk factors were collected using a questionnaire, and statistical analysis was done by SPSS software (version 20). Chi-square test used to estimate the prevalence and relation between each qualitative risk factor and HCV genotype transmitted. Analysis of variance was used for studying the prevalence and relation between quantitative risk factors and HCV genotypes. Results: The sample size was 270 persons. Of these, 217 (80.4%) were men and 185 (68.5%) were infected with genotype Type III. Most people were in age range of 31–40 years old 92 (34%). Single people were 126 (46.7%) and 169 (62.6%) were high school and university graduated. Tattooing as a risk factor had a meaningful relation with hepatitis C genotype (P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the findings, most people in central provinces of Iran with hepatitis C are carrying genotype III, with most prevalent risk factors such as intravenous drug use and unsafe sexual activity. Besides, tattooing had a significant association with hepatitis C genotype, so that in these groups of people, genotype I was more frequent isolated virus.

Keywords

1.
Lango DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed., Vol. 304. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. p. 2545-9.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Goldman L, Sachafer AI. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed., Vol. 150. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 966-73.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Vossughinia H, Goshayeshi L, Bayegi HR, Sima H, Kazemi A, Erfani S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Mashhad, Northeast Iran. Iran J Public Health 2012;41:56-61.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Kardi MT, Edalati M. Hepatitis C virus genotype frequency in Isfahan province of Iran: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Virol J 2010;7:69.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Abdel-Moneim AS, Bamaga MS, Shehab GM, Abu-Elsaad AA, Farahat FM. HCV infection among Saudi population: High prevalence of genotype 4 and increased viral clearance rate. PLoS One 2012;7:e29781.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Njouom R, Caron M, Besson G, Ndong-Atome GR, Makuwa M, Pouillot R, et al. Phylogeography, risk factors and genetic history of hepatitis C virus in Gabon, central Africa. PLoS One 2012;7:e42002.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Halawani M, Bakir TM. Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes in pruritus patients in saudi arabia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012;16:46-9.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Santos BF, de Santana NO, Franca AV. Prevalence, genotypes and factors associated with HCV infection among prisoners in Northeastern Brazil. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:3027-34.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Tian D, Li L, Liu Y, Li H, Xu X, Li J. Different HCV genotype distributions of HIV-infected individuals in Henan and Guangxi, China. PLoS One 2012;7:e50343.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Gigi E, Sinakos E, Sykja A, Androulakis G, Tanis C, Stayridou V, et al. Epidemiology, clinical data, and treatment of viral hepatitis in a large cohort of intravenous drug users. J Addict Med 2013;7:52-7.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Burguete-García AI, Conde-González CJ, Jiménez-Méndez R, Juárez-Díaz Y, Meda-Monzón E, Torres-Poveda K, et al. Hepatitis C seroprevalence and correlation between viral load and viral genotype among primary care clients in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2011;53:S7-12.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Romero-Figueroa S, Ceballos-Salgado E, Santillán-Arreygue L, Miranda-García M, Rubio-Lezama M, Garduño-García JJ. Risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in an urban population of the State of Mexico. Arch Virol 2012;157:329-32.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Rodrigues Neto J, Cubas MR, Kusma SZ, Olandoski M. Prevalence of hepatitis C in adult users of the public health service of São José dos Pinhais – Paraná. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2012;15:627-38.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Nokhodian Z, Yazdani MR, Yaran M, Shoaei P, Mirian M, Ataei B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C among female prisoners in Isfahan, Iran. Hepat Mon 2012;12:442-7.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Osmond DH, Padian NS, Sheppard HW, Glass S, Shiboski SC, Reingold A. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus seropositivity in heterosexual couples. JAMA 1993;269:361-5.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Kinner SA, Jenkinson R, Gouillou M, Milloy MJ. High-risk drug-use practices among a large sample of Australian prisoners. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;126:156-60.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Carmo RA, Campos LN, Melo AP, Guimarães MD. Hepatitis C among patients with mental illness in Brazil: An analysis of associated factors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013;35:129-33.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Gacche RN, Al-Mohani SK. Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among general population in central region of Yemen. Hepat Res Treat 2012;2012:689726.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Lee MH, Yang HI, Jen CL, Lu SN, Yeh SH, Liu CJ, et al. Community and personal risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection: A survey of 23,820 residents in Taiwan in 1991-2. Gut 2011;60:688-94.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Memon AR, Shafique K, Memon A, Draz AU, Rauf MU, Afsar S. Hepatitis B and C prevalence among the high risk groups of Pakistani population. A cross sectional study. Arch Public Health 2012;70:9.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Kandeel AM, Talaat M, Afifi SA, El-Sayed NM, Abdel Fadeel MA, Hajjeh RA, et al. Case control study to identify risk factors for acute hepatitis C virus infection in Egypt. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:294.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Havens JR, Lofwall MR, Frost SD, Oser CB, Leukefeld CG, Crosby RA. Individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C infection among rural Appalachian injection drug users. Am J Public Health 2013;103:e44-52.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Yazdani MR, Kassaian N, Ataei B, Nokhodian Z, Adibi P. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with hemophilia in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Prev Med 2012;3:S89-93.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Carney K, Dhalla S, Aytaman A, Tenner CT, Francois F. Association of tattooing and hepatitis C virus infection: A multicenter case-control study. Hepatology 2013;57:2117-23.  Back to cited text no. 24