Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Incidence of Gestational Diabetes

Tehrani, Hatav Ghasemi; Mostajeran, Fatemeh; Banihashemi, Behnaz

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Incidence of Gestational Diabetes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was survey of the effect of Vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at Alzahra and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, from January, 2013 to January, 2014 on 210 pregnant women referred to gynecology clinics. Serum levels of Vitamin D were measured, and those with lower serum levels of 10 nmol/L randomly divided into two groups of A and B. Pregnant women with normal Vitamin D level assigned as Group C. Group A was given 50,000 IU Vitamin D supplement every 2 weeks for 10 weeks, and Group B were given the omega-3 pearl as placebo. Then, the incidence of GDM was measured in 24–26 weeks of pregnancy with glucose tolerance test and compared in three groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 by descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Logistic regression. Results: The mean age of participants was 24.76 years (8.02 standard deviation, range 16–36 years). The incidence of GDM at 24–26 weeks gestational age were 8.57% in normal Vitamin D group, 10.00% in Vitamin D deficiency with treatment group, and 11.43% in Vitamin D deficiency without treatment group. The difference between groups in terms of incidence of GDM was not statistically significant (P = 0.112). Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation had not effect on incidence of GDM during pregnancy.

Keywords

References

1.	Bandeira F, Griz L, Dreyer P, Eufrazino C, Bandeira C, Freese E. Vitamin D deficiency: A global perspective. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2006;50:640-6. [PUBMED]
2.	Benachi A, Cordier AG, Courbebaisse M, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and pregnancy. Presse Med 2013;42:1377-82. [PUBMED]
3.	Holick MF, Chen TC, Lu Z, Sauter E. Vitamin D and skin physiology: A D-lightful story. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22 Suppl 2:28-33. [PUBMED]
4.	American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2008;31 Suppl 1:S55-60. [PUBMED]
5.	Ryan EA. Diagnosing gestational diabetes. Diabetologia 2011;54:480-6. [PUBMED]
6.	American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27:88-90.
7.	Alvarez JA, Ashraf A. Role of vitamin d in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol 2010;2010:351385. [PUBMED]
8.	Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3517-22. [PUBMED]
9.	Kazemi A, Sharifi F, Jafari N, Mousavinasab N. High prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18:835-9. [PUBMED]
10.	Sloka S, Stokes J, Randell E, Newhook LA. Seasonal variation of maternal serum Vitamin D in newfoundland and Labrador. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009;31:313-21. [PUBMED]
11.	Committee Opinion No. 504: Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:751-3. [PUBMED]
12.	Burris HH, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D and gestational diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2014;14:451. [PUBMED]
13.	Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Practice Bulletin No. 137. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:406-16.
14.	London MB, Catalano PM, Gabbe SG. Diabetes Mellitus Complicating Pregnancy In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, Landon M, Simpson JL, et al., editors. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 6^th ed., Ch. 39. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2012.
15.	Timms PM, Mannan N, Hitman GA, Noonan K, Mills PG, Syndercombe-Court D, et al. Circulating MMP9, Vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: Mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? QJM 2002;95:787-96. [PUBMED]
16.	Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, et al. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2008;3:e3753.17.
17.	Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo CA, Stuebe AM, Boggess KA. First-trimester maternal vitamin D status and risk for gestational diabetes (GDM) a nested case-control study. Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev. 2012;28:164-8. doi: 10.1002/dmrr. 1282.
18.	Makgoba M, Nelson SM, Savvidou M, Messow CM, Nicolaides K, Sattar N. First-trimester circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and development of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1091-3. [PUBMED]
19.	Senti J, Thiele DK, Anderson CM. Maternal Vitamin D status as a critical determinant in gestational diabetes. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012;41:328-38. [PUBMED]
20.	Yu CK, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh TG, Robinson S. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;70:685-90. [PUBMED]
21.	Ginde AA, Sullivan AF, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D insufficiency in pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:436.e1-8.
22.	Hamilton SA, McNeil R, Hollis BW, Davis DJ, Winkler J, Cook C, et al. Profound Vitamin D Deficiency in a diverse group of women during pregnancy living in a sun-rich environment at latitude 32 degrees N. Int J Endocrinol 2010;2010:917428. [PUBMED]
23.	Perampalam S, Ganda K, Chow KA, Opie N, Hickman PE, Shadbolt B, et al. Vitamin D status and its predictive factors in pregnancy in 2 Australian populations. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2011;51:353-9. [PUBMED]
24.	Li W, Green TJ, Innis SM, Barr SI, Whiting SJ, Shand A, et al. Suboptimal Vitamin D levels in pregnant women despite supplement use. Can J Public Health 2011;102:308-12. [PUBMED]
25.	Dror DK, King JC, Durand DJ, Allen LH. Association of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors with Vitamin D status in pregnant women and neonates in Oakland, CA. J Am Diet Assoc 2011;111:111-6. [PUBMED]
26.	Roth DE. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Safety considerations in the design and interpretation of clinical trials. J Perinatol 2011;31:449-59. [PUBMED]
27.	IOM (Institute of Medicine). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
28.	ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No 495: Vitamin D: Screening and supplementation during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:197-8. [PUBMED]

Advanced Biomedical Research