Evaluation of Endometrial Angiogenesis in Mice Uterus Before Implantation in Natural Cycles Followed by Use of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Drugs and Epigallocatechin Gallate

Rashidi, Bahman; Malekzadeh, Mehrnoush

Evaluation of Endometrial Angiogenesis in Mice Uterus Before Implantation in Natural Cycles Followed by Use of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Drugs and Epigallocatechin Gallate

Authors

Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Angiogenesis plays a major role in endometrial receptivity and thickening of the endometrium immediately before implantation. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antiangiogenic properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea in angiogenesis of endometrium. Materials and Methods: In this study, forty adult female NMARI mice randomly divided into four groups. Control group received vehicle; human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin (HMG/HCG) group received 7.5 IU HMG intraperitoneal (IP) and 48 h later 7.5 IU HCG was injected (IP) for ovarian stimulation; HMG/HCG + EGCG group received HMG and HCG in the same manner as the previous group and also received 5 mg/kg EGCG at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after injection of HMG; and the group EGCG received 5 mg/kg EGCG. A male mouse was kept with two female animals in the same cage for mating. Mice were dissected 96 h after administration of HMG (immediately before implantation) and tissue processing was carried out for the uterine specimens. CD31-positive cells were counted by use of histological and immunohistochemical methods. Results: Angiogenesis in EGCG-treated group was less than that of control and gonadotropin group (P < 0.05). The number of endothelial cells was counted by CD31 marker under a light microscope and showed significant differences between all groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EGCG significantly inhibited the angiogenesis in endometrium (in natural cycles) through antiangiogenic effects.

Keywords

References

1.	Dvorak HF. Angiogenesis: Update 2005. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1835-42.
2.	Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003;9:669-76.
3.	Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor: Basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 2004;25:581-611.
4.	Taylor RN, Lebovic DI, Mueller MD. Angiogenic factors in endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;955:89-100.
5.	Hull ML, Charnock-Jones DS, Chan CL, Bruner-Tran KL, Osteen KG, Tom BD, et al. Antiangiogenic agents are effective inhibitors of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2889-99.
6.	Khazaei M, Salehi E, Rashidi B. Pan-PPAR agonist, bezafibrate, restores angiogenesis in hindimb ischemia in normal and diabetic rats. Res Pharm Sci 2012;7:S962.
7.	Heiss ML, Heiss RJ. The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. Ten Speed Press: Penguin Random House; 2007.
8.	Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, Doucette S, Kirk S, Foy E. Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD008650.
9.	Pae M, Wu D. Immunomodulating effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea: Mechanisms and applications. Food Funct 2013;4:1287-303.
10.	Balentine DA, Wiseman SA, Bouwens LC. The chemistry of tea flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1997;37:693-704.
11.	Lakenbrink C, Lapczynski S, Maiwald B, Engelhardt UH. Flavonoids and other polyphenols in consumer brews of tea and other caffeinated beverages. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:2848-52.
12.	Miura S, Watanabe J, Tomita T, Sano M, Tomita I. The inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols (flavan-3-ol derivatives) on Cu2+mediated oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17:1567-72.
13.	Yang CS, Maliakal P, Meng X. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002;42:25-54.
14.	Nagle DG, Ferreira D, Zhou YD. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Chemical and biomedical perspectives. Phytochemistry 2006;67:1849-55.
15.	Cao Y, Cao R. Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea. Nature 1999;398:381.
16.	Xu H, Lui WT, Chu CY, Ng PS, Wang CC, Rogers MS. Anti-angiogenic effects of green tea catechin on an experimental endometriosis mouse model. Hum Reprod 2009;24:608-18.
17.	Xu H, Becker CM, Lui WT, Chu CY, Davis TN, Kung AL, et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor C/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression and signaling in experimental endometriosis in vivo. Fertil Steril 2011;96:1021-8.
18.	Revel A. Defective endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 2012;97:1028-32.
19.	Strowitzki T, Germeyer A, Popovici R, von Wolff M. The human endometrium as a fertility-determining factor. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:617-30.
20.	Paulson RJ. Hormonal induction of endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 2011;96:530-5.
21.	Oliveira JB, Baruffi RL, Mauri AL, Petersen CG, Borges MC, Franco JG Jr. Endometrial ultrasonography as a predictor of pregnancy in an in-vitro fertilization programme after ovarian stimulation and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and gonadotrophins. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2515-8.
22.	Nakae Y, Hirasaka K, Goto J, Nikawa T, Shono M, Yoshida M, et al. Subcutaneous injection, from birth, of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a component of green tea, limits the onset of muscular dystrophy in mdx mice: A quantitative histological, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological study. Histochem Cell Biol 2008;129:489-501.
23.	Carmeliet P. Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine. Nature 2005;438:932-6.
24.	Eklund L, Olsen BR. Tie receptors and their angiopoietin ligands are context-dependent regulators of vascular remodeling. Exp Cell Res 2006;312:630-41.
25.	Héroult M, Schaffner F, Augustin HG. Eph receptor and ephrin ligand-mediated interactions during angiogenesis and tumor progression. Exp Cell Res 2006;312:642-50.
26.	Lee HS, Jun JH, Jung EH, Koo BA, Kim YS. Epigalloccatechin-3-gallate inhibits ocular neovascularization and vascular permeability in human retinal pigment epithelial and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells via suppression of MMP-9 and VEGF activation. Molecules 2014;19:12150-72.
27.	Cerezo-Guisado MI, Zur R, Lorenzo MJ, Risco A, Martín-Serrano MA, Alvarez-Barrientos A, et al. Implication of Akt, ERK1/2 and alternative p38MAPK signalling pathways in human colon cancer cell apoptosis induced by green tea EGCG. Food Chem Toxicol 2015;84:125-32.
28.	Shirakami Y, Shimizu M, Adachi S, Sakai H, Nakagawa T, Yasuda Y, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor axis. Cancer Sci 2009;100:1957-62.
29.	Deng PB, Hu CP, Xiong Z, Yang HP, Li YY. Treatment with EGCG in NSCLC leads to decreasing interstitial fluid pressure and hypoxia to improve chemotherapy efficacy through rebalance of Ang-1 and Ang-2. Chin J Nat Med 2013;11:245-53.
30.	Gale NW, Yancopoulos GD. Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angiopoietins, and ephrins in vascular development. Genes Dev 1999;13:1055-66.
31.	Tang FY, Chiang EP, Shih CJ. Green tea catechin inhibits ephrin-A1-mediated cell migration and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2007;18:391-9.
32.	Shankar S, Suthakar G, Srivastava RK. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits cell cycle and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Front Biosci 2007;12:5039-51.
33.	Tang GQ, Yan TQ, Guo W, Ren TT, Peng CL, Zhao H, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation by inhibiting the human Indian Hedgehog pathway in human chondrosarcoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010;136:1179-85.
34.	Huang Y, Kumazoe M, Bae J, Yamada S, Takai M, Hidaka S, et al. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-O-gallate induces cell death by acid sphingomyelinase activation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncol Rep 2015;34:1162-8.
35.	Kondo T, Ohta T, Igura K, Hara Y, Kaji K. Tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis in vitro, measured by human endothelial cell growth, migration and tube formation, through inhibition of VEGF receptor binding. Cancer Lett 2002;180:139-44.

Advanced Biomedical Research