Molecular epidemiology of Anellovirus infection in children's urine: A cross-sectional study

Mortazkar, Poupak; Karbalaie Niya, Mohammad Hadi; Javanmard, Davod; Esghaei, Maryam; Keyvani, Hossein

Molecular epidemiology of Anellovirus infection in children's urine: A cross-sectional study

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

¹ Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, International Campus (IUMS-IC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

² Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

³ Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran

⁴ Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

⁵ Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: Anelloviridae is a viral family which is considered as a constant component of human virome. Given the ubiquitous nature of the virus infection and the long-standing relationship between the virus and the host, in the present study, we aimed at investigating the presence of Anelloviruses in the urine samples of children in a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: The urine samples of 50 children who were referred to Hazrat Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were obtained. Three TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were carried out for Anellovirus detection. A phylogenetic tree was drawn for positive products after PCR amplification, purification, and nucleotide sequencing. SPSS, version 20, was used for statistical analyses. Results: Children's mean age ± standard deviation was 4.30 ± 1.47 years and 56% (28/50) were female. Real-time PCR revealed that Anellovirus was positive in 12% (6/50). Furthermore, PCR-sequencing results showed that torque teno virus was detected in 83.3% (5/6) and SEN virus in 16.6% (1/6) of the Anellovirus positive samples. In addition, 86% (5/6) of the children with positive samples were female. No significant difference was detected between any of the demographic characteristics and Anellovirus positivity (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to our preliminary study, the presence of Anelloviruses in the urine samples of asymptomatic children in Iran is striking, although limited sample size and age range limitations might have affected the comprehensive results of our study.

Keywords

References

1.	Santiago-Rodriguez T, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride D. The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1-12.
2.	Freer G, Maggi F, Pifferi M, Di Cicco ME, Peroni DG, Pistello M. The Virome and its major component, anellovirus, a convoluted system molding human immune defenses and possibly affecting the development of asthma and respiratory diseases in childhood. Front Microbiol 2018;9:686.
3.	Focosi D, Antonelli G, Pistello M, Maggi F. Torquetenovirus: The human virome from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:589-93.
4.	Martelli F, Macera L, Spezia PG, Medici C, Pistello M, Guasti D, et al. Torquetenovirus detection in exosomes enriched vesicles circulating in human plasma samples. Virol J 2018;15:145.
5.	Tanaka Y, Primi D, Wang RY, Umemura T, Yeo AE, Mizokami M, et al. Genomic and molecular evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) and its relationship to the TT virus family. J Infect Dis 2001;183:359-67.
6.	Desai M, Pal R, Deshmukh R, Banker D. Replication of TT virus in hepatocyte and leucocyte cell lines. J Med Virol 2005;77:136-43.
7.	Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Asabe S, Tsuda F, Yoshikawa A. Heterogeneous distribution of TT virus of distinct genotypes in multiple tissues from infected humans. Virology 2001;288:358-68.
8.	Mushahwar IK, Erker JC, Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Simons JN, Birkenmeyer LG, et al. Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: Evidence for a new virus family infecting humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:3177-82.
9.	de Oliveira JC, Nasser TF, Oda JM, Aoki MN, Carneiro JL, Barbosa DS, et al. Detection of TTV in peripheral blood cells from patients with altered ALT and AST levels. New Microbiol 2008;31:195-201.
10.	Hussain T, Manzoor S, Waheed Y, Tariq H, Hanif K. Phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus genome from Pakistani isolate and incidence of co-infection among HBV/HCV infected patients. Virol J 2012;9:320.
11.	Spandole S, Cimponeriu D, Berca LM, Mihăescu G. Human anelloviruses: An update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects. Arch Virol 2015;160:893-908.
12.	Vasilyev EV, Trofimov DY, Tonevitsky AG, Ilinsky VV, Korostin DO, Rebrikov DV. Torque teno virus (TTV) distribution in healthy Russian population. Virol J 2009;6:134.
13.	Kincaid RP, Burke JM, Cox JC, de Villiers EM, Sullivan CS. A human torque teno virus encodes a microRNA that inhibits interferon signaling. PLoS Pathog 2013;9:e1003818.
14.	Kauffman CA, Fisher JF, Sobel JD, Newman CA. Candida urinary tract infections-diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52 Suppl 6:S452-6.
15.	Jacobs LG. Fungal urinary tract infections in the elderly: Treatment guidelines. Drugs Aging 1996;8:89-96.
16.	Kauffman CA. Diagnosis and management of fungal urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2014;28:61-74.
17.	Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;241:92-7.
18.	Gergely P Jr., Perl A, Poór G. Possible pathogenic nature of the recently discovered TT virus: Does it play a role in autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Autoimmun Rev 2006;6:5-9.
19.	Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Maggi F, Fornai C, Freer G, Vatteroni ML. Molecular properties, biology, and clinical implications of TT virus, a recently identified widespread infectious agent of humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:98-113.
20.	Chen X, Li M, Wang H. Establishment of ELISA with TT virus (TTV) and its application to patients with hepatitis and healthy people. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2001;15:160-2.
21.	Akbari H, Piroozmand A, Dadgostar E, Nikoueinejad H, Chitsazian Z, Einollahi B, et al. Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) infection and its association with renal post-transplantation complications in Iran. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2018;9:126-31.
22.	Saberi A, Akhondzadeh S, Kazemi S. Infectious agents and different course of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Acta Neurol Belg 2018;118:361-77.
23.	Cao K, Mizokami M, Orito E, Ding X, Ge XM, Huang GY, et al. TT virus infection among IVDUs in South Western China. Scand J Infect Dis 1999;31:21-5.
24.	El-Taher SM, Fouad NA, Fouad MA, Mahedy AW, Elnazi AK. Transfusion-transmitted virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Arar, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, predictors and genotyping. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2015;26:1215-22. [PUBMED] [Full text]
25.	Hafez MM, Shaarawy SM, Hassan AA, Salim RF, Abd El Salam FM, Ali AE. Prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) genotypes among HCC patients in Qaluobia governorate. Virol J 2007;4:135.
26.	Hino K, Okuda M, Ishiko H, Okita K. Detection of TT virus in hemodialysis patients. Nihon Rinsho 1999;57:1413-6.
27.	Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Ukita M. A novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A to G hepatitis. Intervirology 1999;42:196-204.
28.	Khudair KA, Al-Shuwaikh AM, Farhan NM. Detection and genotyping of SEN virus among patients with hepatitis and healthy blood donors from Baghdad Iraq. Jordan J Biol Sci 2019;12:355-60.
29.	Hosseini SA, Bouzari M. Detection of SENV virus in healthy, hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-infected individuals in Yazd province, Iran. Iran Biomed J 2016;20:168-74.
30.	Brassard J, Gagné MJ, Leblanc D, Poitras É, Houde A, Boras VF, et al. Association of age and gender with torque teno virus detection in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic people. J Clin Virol 2015;72:55-9.
31.	Haloschan M, Bettesch R, Görzer I, Weseslindtner L, Kundi M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. TTV DNA plasma load and its association with age, gender, and HCMV IgG serostatus in healthy adults. Age (Dordr) 2014;36:9716.
32.	McCann A, Ryan FJ, Stockdale SR, Dalmasso M, Blake T, Ryan CA, et al. Viromes of one year old infants reveal the impact of birth mode on microbiome diversity. PeerJ 2018;6:e4694.
33.	Burián Z, Szabó H, Székely G, Gyurkovits K, Pankovics P, Farkas T,et al. Detection and follow-up of torque teno midi virus (“small anelloviruses”) in nasopharyngeal aspirates and three other human body fluids in children. Arch Virol 2011;156:1537-41.
34.	Irshad M, Singh S, Irshad K, Agarwal SK, Joshi YK. Torque teno virus: Its prevalence and isotypes in North India. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:6044-51.
35.	Takahashi K, Hoshino H, Ohta YY, Nobuhiko NN, Mishiro S. Very high prevalence of TT virus (TTV) infection in general population of Japan revealed by a new set of PCR primers. Hepatol Res 1998;12:233-9.
36.	Ozyürek E, Ergünay K, Kuskonmaz B, Unal S, Cetin M, Ustaçelebi S, et al. Transfusion-transmitted virus prevalence in Turkish patients with thalassemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006;23:347-53.

Advanced Biomedical Research