Eugenol administration improves liver damage induced by a fructose-rich diet

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Abbass Ali Niazi 1
Fatemeh Kourkinejad Gharaei 2
Zahra Saebinasab 2
Maryam Maleki 3
Fatemeh Maghool 4
Fatemeh Fereidooni 5
Tahereh Safari 6
1 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
2 Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
3 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
4 Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
5 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
6 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine; Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
Backgrounds: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing in developing countries that affects the liver in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the protective role of eugenol on liver damage caused by fructose-induced MetS. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1: tap water (control), 2: fructose, 3: fructose + eugenol solvent, 4: fructose + eugenol 50 mg/kg, and 5: fructose + eugenol 100 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for measurement fast blood glucose (FBG), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Results: FBG significantly increased in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (P < 0.001); however, it significantly decreased in Groups 4 and 5 compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). SGOT and SGPT levels significantly increased in Group 2 compared to the control group (P < 0.001). However, SGOT and SGPT levels significantly decreased in Groups 4 and 5. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver tissue damage score (LTDS) significantly increased in Group 2 compared with the control group (P < 0.01), whereas MDA and LTDS decreased in Groups 4 and 5 compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Eugenol may ameliorate liver damage in a rat model of fructose-induced MetS, and these protective effects may in part be mediated by improving antioxidant status and reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. It may also reduce hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation as well as fibrosis of liver cells.

Keywords

1.
Marchesini G, Bianchi G. Metabolic syndrome: Relevant for all types of chronic liver diseases? Gut 2010;59:1314-5.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Zhang X, Ji X, Wang Q, Li JZ. New insight into inter-organ crosstalk contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Protein Cell 2018;9:164-77.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Mann JP, Valenti L, Scorletti E, Byrne CD, Nobili V. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Semin Liver Dis 2018;38:1-3.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Hatton G, Alterio T, Nobili V, Mann JP. Unmet needs in pediatric NAFLD research: What do we need to prioritize for the future? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;12:961-7.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Jegatheesan P, De Bandt JP. Fructose and NAFLD: The multifaceted aspects of fructose metabolism. Nutrients 2017;9:230.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Jensen T, Abdelmalek MF, Sullivan S, Nadeau KJ, Green M, Roncal C, et al. Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018;68:1063-75.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Mai BH, Yan LJ. The negative and detrimental effects of high fructose on the liver, with special reference to metabolic disorders. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019;12:821-6.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Gülçin İ. Antioxidant activity of eugenol: A structure-activity relationship study. J Med Food 2011;14:975-85.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Nagababu E, Rifkind JM, Boindala S, Nakka L. Assessment of antioxidant activity of eugenol in vitro and in vivo. In: Free Radicals and Antioxidant Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2010. p. 165-80.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Abd El Motteleb DM, Selim SA, Mohamed AM. Differential effects of eugenol against hepatic inflammation and overall damage induced by ischemia/re-perfusion injury. J Immunotoxicol 2014;11:238-45.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Daniel AN, Sartoretto SM, Schmidt G, Caparroz-Assef SM, Bersani-Amado CA, Cuman RK. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities A of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2009;19:212-7.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Bantle JP. Dietary fructose and metabolic syndrome and diabetes. J Nutr 2009;139:1263S-8.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Lakzaei H, Safari T, Komeili GR. Interaction of sex hormones and the renin-angiotensin system in ovariectomized rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion induction. Adv Biomed Res 2019;8:64.  Back to cited text no. 13
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
14.
Veteläinen RL, Bennink RJ, de Bruin K, van Vliet A, van Gulik TM. Hepatobiliary function assessed by 99m Tc-mebrofenin cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of severity of steatosis in a rat model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:1107-14.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Nematbakhsh M, Ebrahimian S, Tooyserkani M, Eshraghi-Jazi F, Talebi A, Ashrafi F, et al. Gender difference in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model: Greater intensity of damage in male than female. Nephrourol Mon 2013;5:818-21.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Sadeghi F, Nematbakhsh M, Noori-Diziche A, Eshraghi-Jazi F, Talebi A, Nasri H, et al. Protective effect of pomegranate flower extract against gentamicin-induced renal toxicity in male rats. J Renal Inj Prev 2015;4:45-50.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Botsoglou Nickos A, Fletouris Dimitrios J, Papageorgiou Georgios E, Vassilopoulos Vassilios N, Mantis Antonios J, Trakatellis Antonios G. Rapid, sensitive, and specific thiobarbituric acid method for measuring lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, food, and feedstuff samples. J Agricultur Food Chem 1994;42:1931-7.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Pardhe BD, Shakya S, Bhetwal A, Mathias J, Khanal PR, Pandit R, et al. Metabolic syndrome and biochemical changes among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. BMC Gastroenterol 2018;18:109.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Azab M. Eugenol ameliorates pathogenic features in experimental model of NAFLD in rats. Al Azhar J Pharm Sci 2017;56:115-22.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed TE, Edris AE. Protective effect of clove oil and eugenol microemulsions on fatty liver and dyslipidemia as components of metabolic syndrome. J Med Food 2014;17:764-71.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Jo HK, Kim GW, Jeong KJ, Kim DY, Chung SH. Eugenol ameliorates hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by down-regulating SREBP1 gene expression via AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2014;37:1341-51.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Harb AA, Bustanji YK, Almasri IM, Abdalla SS. Eugenol reduces LDL cholesterol and hepatic steatosis in hypercholesterolemic rats by modulating TRPV1 receptor. Sci Rep 2019;9:1-10.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Yogalakshmi B, Viswanathan P, Anuradha CV. Investigation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and DNA-protective properties of eugenol in thioacetamide-induced liver injury in rats. Toxicology 2010;268:204-12.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Srinivasan S, Sathish G, Jayanthi M, Muthukumaran J, Muruganathan U, Ramachandran V. Ameliorating effect of eugenol on hyperglycemia by attenuating the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2014;385:159-68.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Venkadeswaran K, Muralidharan AR, Annadurai T, Ruban VV, Sundararajan M, Anandhi R, et al. Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative potential of an extract of the plant, piper betle, and its active constituent, eugenol, in triton WR-1339-induced hypercholesterolemia in experimental rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:11 page.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Cordero-Herrera I, Kozyra M, Zhuge Z, McCann Haworth S, Moretti C, Peleli M, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase activation and NADPH oxidase inhibition by inorganic nitrate and nitrite prevent liver steatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:217-26.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
Advanced Biomedical Research
Volume 2021, November
November 2021
Pages 1-6