The effects of seed extract of carrot on memory, nerve conduction velocity, and serum thyroxin in rats

Bajestani, Majid Jafarinejad; Hadjdzadeh, Mousa-Al-Reza; Yousefi, Mahdi; Hosseini, Mahmoud; Yousefvand, Shiba

The effects of seed extract of carrot on memory, nerve conduction velocity, and serum thyroxin in rats

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

¹ Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran

² Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

³ Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Background: Thyroid hormones are essential to maintain the tissue's metabolism throughout the life. Thyroid hormones exert their effects on physiology and almost all body functions. Carrot is a rich source of iodine and carotenoids that can interfere in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Materials and Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of carrot consumption on T4 levels and its effect on memory, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), animal weight, and finally, on water and food intake in Wistar rats. In this study, 24 male rats were used and divided into three groups: Control, Ca 200 mg/kg, and Ca 400 mg/kg. Results: The results indicated that carrot consumption at Ca 200 mg/kg treated group increased the level of serum T4 and induced hyperthyroidism. Animal weight in both treated groups did not change compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Water and food consumption, and the level of T4 in Ca 200 mg/kg group increased when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). NCV in both treated groups was not significantly different in comparison with the control group (P > 0.05). Spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in both treated groups significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Carrot consumption, via increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones, creates hyperthyroidism, but due to induced moderate hyperthyroidism did not impact on weight. Moderate hyperthyroidism induced appetite and memory impairment. Then increased food intake or effect of hyperthyroidism on metabolism increased water intake.

Keywords

References

1.	Fatemi Tabatabaei SR, Peyghan R, Yusefvand SH. The effect of experimental hypothyroidism on some blood biochemical parameters of common carp. IVJ 2014;9:69-77.
2.	Lechan RM, Fekete C. The TRH neuron: A hypothalamic integrator of energy metabolism. Prog Brain Res 2006;153:209-35.
3.	Roos A, Bakker SJ, Links TP, Gans RO, Wolffenbuttel BH. Thyroid function is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:491-6.
4.	Ali LQ, Alsamawi AI, Jouda J. Effect of Hyper-and Hypothyroidism on many physiological parameters and the rate of some diseases. KPHRS 2017;13:70-8.
5.	Vallortigara J, Alfos S, Micheau J, Higueret P, Enderlin V. T3 administration in adult hypothyroid mice modulates expression of proteins involved in striatal synaptic plasticity and improves motor behavior. Neurobiol Dis 2008;31:378-85.
6.	Broedel O, Eravci M, Fuxius S, Smolarz T, Jeitner A, Grau H, et al. Effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on thyroid hormone concentrations in regions of the rat brain. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003;285:E470-80.
7.	Lee PR, Brady D, Koenig JI. Thyroid hormone regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit mRNA expression in adult brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2003;15:87-92.
8.	Desouza LA, Ladiwala U, Daniel SM, Agashe S, Vaidya RA, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005;29:414-26.
9.	Sui L, Wang F, Li BM. Adult-onset hypothyroidism impairs paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation of the rat dorsal hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortex pathway in vivo. Brain Res 2006;1096:53-60.
10.	Wolf G. The regulation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary gland by thyroid hormone and by 9-cis-retinoic acid. Nutr Rev 2002;60:374-7.
11.	Gawędzki J. Human Nutrition. Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN; 2010.
12.	Comandini P, Cerretani L, Rinaldi M, Cichelli A, Chiavaro E. Stability of iodine during cooking: Investigation on biofortified and not fortified vegetables. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013;64:857-61.
13.	Rezaei-Moghadam A, Mohajeri D, Rafiei B, Dizaji R, Azhdari A, Yeganehzad M, et al. Effect of turmeric and carrot seed extracts on serum liver biomarkers and hepatic lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status in rats. Bioimpacts 2012;2:151-7.
14.	Molkara T, Akhlaghi F, Ramezani MA, Salari R, Vakili V, Kamalinejad M, et al. Effects of a food product (based on Daucus carota) and education based on traditional Persian medicine on female sexual dysfunction: A randomized clinical trial. Electron Physician 2018;10:6577-87.
15.	Gharshi A. Al-Shamel Fi Al-Sinaat Al-Tibbiah. Tehran: Iran Medical University; 2008.
16.	Momen Tonekaboni SM. Tohfat Al-Momenin. Tehran, Iran: Shahr Publication; 2008.
17.	Dhavalikar M, Narkeesh A, Gupta N. Effect of skin temperature on nerve conduction velocity and reliability of temperature correction formula in Indian females. J Phys Ther Sci 2009;5:24.
18.	Aminoff MJ. Aminoff''s Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology E-Book. California. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
19.	Murphy GG. Spatial learning and memory-What's TLE got to do with it? Spatial Learning/Memory and TLE. Epilepsy Curr 2013;13:26-9.
20.	Roti E, Braverman LE. Iodine excess and thyroid function. In: Nauman J, Glinoer D, Braverman LE, editors. The Thyroid and Iodine. New York: Schattauer; 1996.
21.	Bartalena L, Robbins J. Thyroid hormone transport proteins. Clin Lab Med 1993;13:583-98.
22.	Wang K, Sun YN, Liu JY, Zhang L, Ye Y, Lin LX, et al. The impact of iodine excess on thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009;130:72-85.
23.	Khan S. Utilization carrot pulp as corn replacement in the broiler diet. IOSR-JAVS 2019;12:72-4.
24.	Yousefvand S, Hamidi F, Zendehdel M, Parham A. Effects of insulin and somatostatin on water intake in neonatal chickens. Ir J Physiol Pharmacol 2017;2:158-65.
25.	Taheri M, Haghpanah T, Meftahi GH, Abedini Esfahlani M, Gloshan F, Esmailpour K, et al. Mild permanent chronic thyroid hormones insufficiency induces cognitive dysfunction in the adult male and female rats. J App Pharm Sci 2018;8:100-6.
26.	Taşkın E, Artis AS, Bitiktas S, Dolu N, Liman N, Süer C. Experimentally induced hyperthyroidism disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation in adult rats. Neuroendocrinology 2011;94:218-27.
27.	Jabłkowska K, Karbownik-Lewińska M, Nowakowska K, Junik R, Lewiński A, Borkowska A. Working memory and executive functions in hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease. Psychiatr Pol 2008;42:249-59.
28.	Simon PW, Goldman IL. Carrot. Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement. 2007;3:497-517.
29.	Sun T, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of biofortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colors. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:4142-7.
30.	Da Silva Dias JC. Nutritional and health benefits of carrots and their seed extracts. Food Nutr Sci 2014;5:2147.
31.	Salmannegad H, Mojahedi M, Mozaffarpur S, Saghebi R. The review of indices of Mizaj-e-Damagh (temperament of brain) identification in Persian medicine. JBUMS 2016;18:71-9.
32.	Salmannezhad H, Mojahedi M, Ebadi A, Mozaffarpur SA, Alipoor A, Saghebi R, et al. Design and validation of Mizaj identification questionnaire in Persian medicine. IRCMJ 2018;20:1-9.
33.	Mojahedi M, Alipour A, Saghebi R, Mozaffarpur SA. The relationship between Mizaj and its indices in Persian medicine. IRCMJ 2018;20:1-7.

Advanced Biomedical Research