Advanced Biomedical Research

Original Article: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Bad Sobernheim Stress questionnaire in Iranian adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis using thoracolumbar orthoses

Authors

1 Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Abstract

Background: The assessment of the emotional consequences of having a spinal deformity and orthotic management in people with idiopathic scoliosis is essential. This study was aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Bad Sobernheim Stress questionnaire (BSSQ-Brace) for Iranian adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis using thoracolumbar orthoses. Materials and Methods: The BSSQ was translated into Persian according to a standard guideline. The Persian BSSQ-Brace was completed by 55 Iranian subjects with spinal deformities who agreed to participate in this research. The validity was determined by correlating the Persian BSSQ-Brace questionnaire (BrQ) and the revised Scoliosis Research Society-22 patient questionnaire (SRS-22r). To assess test-retest reliability, all participants completed the BSSQ-Brace twice, with a gap of 1-week. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Cronbach's alpha were measured to report reliability. Results: All population revealed items in the Persian BSSQ-Brace were easily understood, and there was no difficulty completing them. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of BSSQ-Brace demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.94), excellent internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha = 0.94), and high construct validity with SRS-22r (r = 0.74). Conclusions: The Persian BSSQ-Brace is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the emotional domains in subjects wearing a spinal orthosis.

Keywords

1.
Hengwei F, Zifang H, Qifei W, Weiqing T, Nali D, Ping Y, et al. Prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese schoolchildren: A large, population-based study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016;41:259-64.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Kuznia AL, Hernandez AK, Lee LU. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Common questions and answers. Am Fam Physician 2020;101:19-23.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
García-Cano E, Arámbula Cosío F, Duong L, Bellefleur C, Roy-Beaudry M, Joncas J, et al. Prediction of spinal curve progression in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis using Random Forest regression. Comput Biol Med 2018;103:34-43.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Cheung PW, Wong CK, Cheung JP. An insight into the health-related quality of life of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients who are braced, observed, and previously braced. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019;44:E596-605.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Danielsson AJ, Wiklund I, Pehrsson K, Nachemson AL. Health-related quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A matched follow-up at least 20 years after treatment with brace or surgery. Eur Spine J 2001;10:278-88.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Sanders AE, Andras LM, Iantorno SE, Hamilton A, Choi PD, Skaggs DL. Clinically significant psychological and emotional distress in 32% of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Spine Deform 2018;6:435-40.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Weiss HR, Reichel D, Schanz J, Zimmermann-Gudd S. Deformity related stress in adolescents with AIS. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:347-51.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
van den Bogaart M, van Royen BJ, Haanstra TM, de Kleuver M, Faraj SS. Predictive factors for brace treatment outcome in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A best-evidence synthesis. Eur Spine J 2019;28:511-25.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Weiss HR. Rehabilitation of adolescent patients with scoliosis – what do we know? A review of the literature. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:183-94.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Rivett L, Rothberg A, Stewart A, Berkowitz R. The relationship between quality of life and compliance to a brace protocol in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A comparative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009;10:5.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Weiss HR, Werkmann M, Stephan C. Brace related stress in scoliosis patients-Comparison of different concepts of bracing. Scoliosis 2007;2:10.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Botens-Helmus C, Klein R, Stephan C. The reliability of the Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire (BSSQbrace) in adolescents with scoliosis during brace treatment. Scoliosis 2006;1:22.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Misterska E, Głowacki M, Harasymczuk J. Polish adaptation of Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire-Brace and Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire-Deformity. Eur Spine J 2009;18:1911-9.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Alomar E, Castillo JA, D'Agata E, Testor CP, Rigo M. Spanish validation of Bad Sobernheim Scoliosis Questionnaire for adolescents wearing braces. Scoliosis 2009;4:1.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Xu X, Wang F, Yang M, Huang Q, Chang Y, Wei X, et al. Chinese adaptation of the Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis under brace treatment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e1236.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Yilmaz HG, Kuru T, Yavuzer G. Turkish adaptation and reliability of Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis using spinal brace/Govde ortezi kullanan idiyopatik skolyozlu Adolesanlarda Bad Sobernheim Stres Sorgulama formunun turkce adaptasyonu ve guvenirligi. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2012;58:225-9.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000;25:3186-91.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Vasiliadis E, Grivas TB, Gkoltsiou K. Development and preliminary validation of Brace Questionnaire (BrQ): A new instrument for measuring quality of life of brace treated scoliotics. Scoliosis 2006;1:7.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Fedorak GT, Larkin K, Heflin JA, Xu J, Hung M. Pediatric patient-reported outcomes measurement information system is equivalent to Scoliosis Research Society-22 in assessing health status in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019;44:E1206-10.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. The reliability and concurrent validity of the scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:63-9.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Niemeyer T, Schubert C, Halm HF, Herberts T, Leichtle C, Gesicki M. Validity and reliability of an adapted german version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:818-21.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Sathira-Angkura V, Pithankuakul K, Sakulpipatana S, Piyaskulkaew C, Kunakornsawat S. Validity and reliability of an adapted Thai version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:783-7.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. Scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire: Responsiveness to change associated with surgical treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:70-3.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Mousavi SJ, Mobini B, Mehdian H, Akbarnia B, Bouzari B, Askary-Ashtiani A, et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22r questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:784-9.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Anthoine E, Moret L, Regnault A, Sébille V, Hardouin JB. Sample size used to validate a scale: A review of publications on newly-developed patient reported outcomes measures. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014;12:176.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Osborne JW, Costello AB. Sample size and subject to item ratio in principal components analysis. Pract Assess Res Eval 2004;9:11.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Fowler J, Jarvis P, Chevannes M. Practical Statistics for Nursing and Health Care. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2002.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Bruton A, Conway JH, Holgate ST. Reliability: What is it, and how is it measured? Physiotherapy 2000;86:94-9.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Reichel D, Schanz J. Developmental psychological aspects of scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:221-5.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Danielsson AJ. What impact does spinal deformity correction for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis make on quality of life? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:S101-8.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
D'Agata E, Testor CP, Rigo M. Spanish validation of Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire (BSSQ (brace).es) for adolescents with braces. Scoliosis 2010;5:15.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Rezaei Motlagh F, Pezham H, Babaee T, Saeedi H, Hedayati Z, Kamali M. Persian adaptation of the Bad Sobernheim stress questionnaire for adolescent with idiopathic scoliosis. Disabil Rehabil 2020;42:562-6.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Zarea M, Aminian G, Khosravi M, Baghaei R. Effect of Milwaukee brace on quality of life in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. J Clin Physiother Res 2020;5:e13.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Chinapaw MJ, Mokkink LB, van Poppel MN, van Mechelen W, Terwee CB. Physical activity questionnaires for youth: A systematic review of measurement properties. Sports Med 2010;40:539-63.  
Advanced Biomedical Research
Volume 2022, November
November 2022
Pages 1-7